Bacterial Meningitis: A Review in the Upper East Region of Ghana 2010-2014
Joseph K. L. Opare *
School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O.Box LG13, Legon, Ghana and Regional Health Directorate, Upper East Region, Ghana Health Service, Private Mail Bag, Bolga-Upper East Region, Ghana.
John Koku Awoonor-Williams
Regional Health Directorate, Upper East Region, Ghana Health Service, Private Mail Bag, Bolga-Upper East Region, Ghana.
John Kofi Odoom
Noguchi Memorial institute of Medical Research Ghana, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Edwin Afari
School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O.Box LG13, Legon, Ghana.
Abraham Oduro
Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo-Upper East region
Baba Awuni
Regional Health Directorate, Upper East Region, Ghana Health Service, Private Mail Bag, Bolga-Upper East Region, Ghana.
Dorcas Kyeiwa Asante
Municipal Health Directorate, P.O.Box 107, Akwapim North Mampong, Ghana.
Olivia Serwaa Opare
Science Education Unit (Ghana Education service), P.O.Box M45, Cantonment, Accra, Ghana.
Patricia Akweongo
School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O.Box LG13, Legon, Ghana.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Introduction: Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord. It can cause severe brain damage and is fatal in 50% of cases if untreated. The Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana recorded 70 case-patients in 2014 with a case fatality of 10%. Furthermore, there have been series of out outbreaks of bacterial meningitis in the region. The study reviewed meningitis surveillance data to assess the progress towards interruption of meningitis transmission and identified opportunities for surveillance improvement in the UER.
Methods: This involved records review and secondary data analysis of all reported meningitis cases in the Region from 2010 to 2014. Data quality was assessed: described by person, place, time, causative agents involved and identified opportunities for system improvement.
Results: Of 1142 suspected cases of meningitis recorded at the health facilities and communities in the UER, 352(30.8%) were confirmed cases of various forms of Bacterial meningitis. Majority of the cases (50.7%) were males. The age group 0-9 years was mostly 491(43.0%) affected. There were 146 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 13.0%. The identified etiological agents were Neisseria meningitides (Nm W135) 50.3%, Streptococcus pneumonia (41.7%), Neisseria meningitides (Nm A) 1.7%, Neisseria meningitides (Nm Y 5%), Haemophilus Influenzae Type B1.5%. Majority of the case-patients were observed in 2010 (34.7%) and 2012 (44.2%) between February and April (%). The Kassena Nankana Municipal recorded the highest number of cases 234(20.5%) and the Bulsa South District recorded no case of bacterial meningitis cases. 69 (6%) of case-patients had no lumber puncture done. Time spent before presentation of case-patients to the health facilities had no significant association with the outcome of the infection (p= 0.319).
Conclusions: There has been a consistent outbreak of Bacterial meningitis in the Upper East Region that involved many cases-patients with some mortality. More bacterial meningitis cases were recorded in children compared to adults. Lumber puncture was not performed in all case-patients. Many case-patients were recorded in the first quarter of the year with the majority in the Kassena Nankana District. There is an urgent need to review the management of meningitis, coupled with enhanced strategies in prevention of occurrences of the disease in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
Keywords: Bacterial meningitis, outbreak, Upper East Region, Ghana.